Alcohol use characteristics of mothers of children with one of three specific Institute of Medicine (IOM) FASD diagnoses are contrasted with mothers of randomly-selected, normal children (both alcohol-exposed and unexposed). These diagnoses are: FAS, partial fetal alcohol syndrome (PFAS), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disability (ARND; Stratton et al., 1996). All mothers and children are from the same community in ZA. A fourth study of FASD in this community, all actively consented, 1st grade school children were screened for height, weight, and head circumference. Children ≤ 25th centile on height and weight and/or head circumference and children randomly-selected as potential controls were advanced to a diagnostic physical exam by blinded dysmorphologists. Clinical characteristics and measurements for each child were recorded on a quantified dysmorphology checklist where a high score indicates more features of FASD (Hoyme et al., 2005). Children suspected of an FASD, and the randomly-selected children, were administered developmental tests by psychometricians, their teachers completed behavior checklists, and their mothers were interviewed about maternal risk factors. All final child diagnoses were made in case conferences using revised IOM criteria (Hoyme et
