Prenatal drinking varies among and within populations of the world (Abel, 1998). In the United States, England, and Canada, 20 – 32% of pregnant women drink, and in some European countries the rate may exceed 50% (Alvik et al., 2006c; Bonati and Fellin, 1991; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997; Primatesta et al., 1993; Waterson and Murray-Lyon, 1989). In South Africa (ZA), 34 to 51% of women report prenatal drinking (Croxford and Viljoen, 1999; May et al., 2008a).
