In summary, the estimation of variance explained and prediction analyses in samples with European ancestry show that the set of 12,111 GWS SNPs accounts for nearly all of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${h}_{{\rm{SNP}}}^{2}$$\end{document}hSNP2, and that combining SNP-based PGS with family history significantly improves prediction accuracy. By contrast, both estimation and prediction results show clear attenuation in samples with non-European ancestry, consistent with previous studies30,36–38.
