requires intravenous administration and has poor brain penetrability, limiting its potential clinical use. Alternatively, clavulanic acid can be used to increase GLT-1 expression, and it reduces cocaine’s reinforcing effects (Kim et al., 2015) and the rewarding properties of opioids in rats (Schroeder et al., 2014). Disruption in astrocyte glutamate uptake appears to be a common neuroimmune response associated with several drugs of abuse, and manipulating GLT-1 expression has the potential to alter drug-induced reward, dependence, tolerance, and relapse.
