Other investigations have also highlighted childhood conduct disorder and facets of impulsivity as central predictors of future AUD in adolescents, along with other genetic, neuropsychological, and neural predictors [49,50]. In general, impulsive behaviors are well-known risk factors for AUD [51]. However, “impulsivity” is not a simple construct and many different, but widely used, measures of impulsivity are not strongly correlated with each other [51,52]. Also many of the 80 PD criteria describe behaviors that could feasibly be characterized as being “related to impulsivity”, but only two of them stood out from the mass when predicting AUD. For example, criterion #3 of ASPD, titled “impulsivity or failure to plan ahead”, was frequently selected out from the EN models in favor of the other two criteria (Supplement, section 2.3). Similarly, laboratory tasks related to impulsive choice rather than impulsive action are associated with AUD [53]. Behavioral ‘laboratory’ tasks are highly heritable and promising intermediate phenotypes for “genetic dissection of impulsivity and externalizing spectrum” [54], including PDs. Regarding such tasks, impulsivity in BPD patients has been characterized as choice- and reward-related rather than
