Current and past psychiatric symptoms were ascertained during administration of the K-SADS-PL. Although all participants fell below the diagnostic threshold for psychiatric disorders (except AUDs, in the case of the TNAD group), subthreshold symptom counts were collected to examine sub-diagnostic threshold psychopathology. We derived composites for subthreshold internalizing psychopathology (depressive and anxiety disorder symptoms, including posttraumatic stress disorder) and subthreshold externalizing psychopathology (conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms) by summing total subthreshold symptom counts for the specified disorders. We chose to examine subthreshold attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom counts separately from those of CD and ODD based on evidence suggesting that ADHD is not a socially deviant disruptive behavioral disorder (Kaplan and Sadock, 1998). Similar means of assessing psychopathology in AUD samples have been used in previous studies (Di Sclafani et al., 2008; Fein et al., 2007).
