With respect to health care outcomes, study members following the LCP pathway accounted for more health care service use across a range of measures. This finding is consistent with prior research using physical examinations and self-reported health data that documented a higher incidence of physical health problems among those on the LCP pathway (Moffitt et al., 2002; Odgers et al., 2008). Between-group differences in health care service usage were not as large as those observed for criminal convictions. However, the relatively young age of this cohort implies fuller coverage of criminal justice versus health care services, as the age-crime curve peaks during the early twenties, whereas the onset of disease and health problems is expected to increase as study members move past midlife (Lozano et al., 2012; Petras, Nieuwbeerta, & Piquero, 2010). To the extent that early health-care utilization serves as a proxy for poor future health, it is possible that the individuals on the LCP pathway will continue to account for an increasingly greater share of health-care utilization over time. Further, the ongoing nature of negative health behaviors, such
