life-course-persistent offenders are characterized by several pathological risk factors, related to domains of parenting, neurocognitive development, and temperament [52]. This signifies the importance of investigating pleiotropy and considering the complex etiology of the broader ASB phenotype. Large-scale collaborations, such as the BroadABC, will facilitate the expansion of epidemiological studies capable of further exploring the interaction of genetic risk and socio-environmental risks, and how these contribute to the multifaceted origin of ASB.
