By intersecting the genes showing alcohol-induced increased methylation among the two neural tube phenotypes, we identified 147 genes common to both NTO and NTC alcohol-treated groups (Fig. 4). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed that these genes are involved in key embryonic developmental events, such as Enah (Enah enabled homolog) in neurulation of neural tubes as well as corpus collosum development, Ets (26 avian leukemia oncogene) and Vaxl (ventral anterior homeobox containing gene 1) in differentiation of embryonic tissue (Table 1). Also, 141 genes with decreased methylation were common to both phenotypes (NTO and NTC) (Fig. 4). Ingenuity Pathway Analyses revealed that these genes are involved in the development of cardiomyocytes (Ptpn11), ventralization of retina (Vax2), development of the sensory nervous system (Kif1a), neuroprotection of granule cells (Crh), and migration of embryonic stem cells (Srf) (Table 1). In addition, DNA methylation changes were seen in a group of genes involved in developmental syndromes that share common phenotypes with FAS (Table 2A), as indicated by a recent report by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis, July
