The individuals analyzed by the Diabetes Genetics Initiative (DGI) have been described elsewhere4. In total, there were 1,464 type 2 diabetes cases and 1,467 matched controls of European ancestry from Finland and Sweden. The Finland-United States investigation of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus genetics (FUSION) GWA study included 1,161 Finnish type 2 diabetes (T2D) cases, 1,174 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) controls, and 122 offspring of case-control pairs13. Cases and controls were matched as previously described, taking into account age, sex and birth province within Finland. The KORA genome-wide association study samples were recruited from the KORA S3 survey, which is a population-based sample from the general population living in the region of Augsburg, Southern Germany. The 1,644 study participants had a German passport and were of European origin16. The Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) GWA scan included DNA from 2,286 registered nurses of European ancestry: 1,145 postmenopausal women with invasive breast cancer and 1,142 matched controls14. The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) GWA scan included 1,172 non-Hispanic prostate cancer cases of European ancestry and 1,105 matched controls15. The SardiNIA
