Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I) and pharmacotherapy (benzodiazepines, hypnotics, etc.) are the most frequently recommended and effective interventions for patients with ID. However, CBT‐I is limited by adherence issues and high costs, whereas benzodiazepines and hypnotics may cause tolerance, dependence, and addiction (Matthews et al., 2013; Morin et al., 2015). Therefore, new treatment options are needed to reduce ID symptoms or enhance other treatment modalities. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a safe, non‐invasive brain stimulation technique that shows potential for treating sleep disorders and sleep disorder‐related cognitive impairment (Klomjai et al., 2015; Lanza, Fisicaro, Cantone, et al., 2022; Lanza, Fisicaro, Dubbioso, et al., 2022). Low‐frequency rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) showed a significant improvement in sleep quality in ID patients, although with inconsistent findings (Zhang et al., 2018). However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of rTMS in ID remain poorly understood (Babiloni et al., 2021). Recently, rTMS has shown promising therapeutic potential in multiple neurological conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, stroke, and epilepsy (Assenza et al., 2017). Therefore, studies are needed to address the important gap and provide evidence for the use of rTMS to treat ID.
