Recent data from a clinical study that used sleeve gastrectomy (SG), a gastric surgical procedure that removes most of the stomach (80–85%) but preserves the pylorus, provides a novel approach to disentangle gastric emptying rate from hepatic versus gastric FPM (94). In this study, BAC-time profiles obtained from women post-SG were compared to those of non-operated control women who were matched for age and body composition and who achieved comparable time to peak BAC (tmax) after drinking the same alcohol dose on an empty stomach. Because the two groups were matched in tmax, group differences in alcohol bioavailability were unlikely due to differences in gastric emptying rates. In addition, the same participants were administered alcohol intravenously using an alcohol clamp. The alcohol clamp method enables the assessment of alcohol elimination rates (AER in g/hr) independent of variations in alcohol absorption (95). This approach controls for the potential effects of SG factors on systemic AER, which might otherwise confound comparisons of alcohol bioavailability between groups (95). Compared to the control group, the bioavailability of ingested alcohol increased by 34% in women
