Of the 367 families assigned to the intervention group, 163 (44.4%) families completed an FCU at all three yearly opportunities. CACE analyses were then used to explore the effectiveness of the intervention on reducing oppositional-defiant behavior over time for those who engaged in the intervention at varying levels. Analyses did not reveal significant differences in the level of intervention engagement based on site (Pittsburgh, Eugene, or Charlottesville). In the intervention group, participants who completed three (age 2, 3, and 4) FCUs were compared on a number of variables collected during the initial assessment at age 2. Table 1 reports the means and standard deviations, or percentages, as well as the odds ratios and omnibus tests to compare the differences in baseline (age 2) characteristics between those in the intervention group who fully participated (engagers) in the intervention and those who did not (nonengagers). As shown in Table 1, participants who chose to engage in the intervention were more likely than nonengagers to endorse higher rates of depression when their children were age 2and to have a female target child. Nonengagers
