used in a variety of national surveys and clinical settings 37. The modal value is zero. Alcohol dependence and abuse lifetime diagnosis was made by a trained clinician based on DSM–IV criteria at each wave using three instruments: Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS-III), the Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (SMAST) and the Drinking and Drug History. On the basis of information collected by all three instruments, a lifetime diagnosis was made (Kappa = 0.81).
