Because of the unavailability of an independent Asian smoking sample, the replication study was performed in a sample of European-American or African-American origin. Of the 12 SNPs examined in independent samples, 4 were replicated. At the 5% significance level, two SNPs, rs7747583 and rs2349433, in RGS17 were replicated in association with SI, and rs4424567 in FRMD4A and rs848353 at 7q31.1 were replicated for association with ND. Finally, we performed meta-analysis on the association results from both the discovery and replication samples.
