75 percent of control “A” carriers manifested externalizing psychopathology at age 25 years; in contrast, 56 percent of treated non-carriers and 57 percent of control non-carriers manifested externalizing psychopathology at age 25 years). Analyses examining children’s substance use and delinquent behavior during grades 7 through 12 and the two years following high school indicated that gene-by-intervention effects were apparent already during adolescence. We identified no genetic moderation effects among African-American participants.
