The UK Census collects individual and household-level demographic data every 10 years for the whole UK population. Data on ethnicity were obtained from the 2001 and 2011 UK Census for England, Wales, and Scotland, as these reflected the census years falling before and immediately after the recruitment period (4, 5). Data on property ownership status were obtained from the 2001 UK Census for England and Wales only, since 2011 UK Census data on property ownership were not available for the appropriate age groups. Data on anthropometric measures, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and prevalences of self-reported health conditions were obtained from the Health Survey for England (HSE) for the years 2006, 2008, 2009, and 2010 (6–9). The HSE consists of an annual cross-sectional survey of a small (n = approximately 5,000–15,000), representative population of England through a 2-stage random probability sampling process, with information on different data items being collected in a different population each year (10, 11). Since 2003, the HSE has incorporated weighting to account for nonresponse bias (12). This includes different weights for nonresponding households, nonresponding individuals in
