As seen in Figure 1, out of 304,676 individuals ages 12–64 with an OUD diagnosis, prescription drug coverage, and at least one OUD claim during period of enrollment, we excluded individuals without drug-related poisonings, individuals who never received OUD medication, days of naltrexone and methadone treatment, and days of observation outside 1 year before and after index poisoning. Our final analytic sample included 23,036 participants (mean age 30 years, 51% male, mean observation time 299 days), spanning 14,213,075 person-days of insurance coverage. 2,210,927 person-days (15.6%) entailed claims for buprenorphine (mean daily dose 15.4 mg). 1,968,944 person-days (13.9%) entailed claims for benzodiazepines or Z drugs, of which 474,181 person-days entailed concurrent buprenorphine treatment. We calculated the mean daily dose of any benzodiazepine or Z drug to be 23.4 diazepam milligram equivalents, with short-acting benzodiazepines, long-acting benzodiazepines, and Z drugs respectively 25.3, 31.3, and 4.9 diazepam milligram equivalents (Table 2).
