For neurotransmitter receptor gene array studies, mice were sacrificed by perfusion with saline either 24 hours (N=6 control, 6 ethanol) or 50 days (N=5 control, 5 ethanol) following AE treatment (Figure 1). Similarly, a group of young adult mice (P88) underwent a ten day treatment as adults (P88-97) and were assessed either 24 hours (N=6 control, 6 ethanol) or 50 days (N=5 control, 6 ethanol) after binge ethanol (Figure 1). A third group of mice that received adolescent binge ethanol treatment underwent behavioral testing in adulthood (P60-72) and were sacrificed one week after the end of behavioral testing for postmortem brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) (Figure 1, N=10 control, 8 ethanol). All protocols were approved by the University of North Carolina Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and were ins accordance with the Congressional Animal Welfare Act.