We found only one study that examined nicotine dependence among US ethnic subgroups. In a sample of smokers in Hawaii (N = 919), Native Hawaiians (5.6%) had higher rates of past-year nicotine dependence as indicated by the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence than East Asians (4.9%), with Whites (5.2%) and Filipinos (4.9%) in between38. In a review of 39 studies published as of 2005 that disaggregated Asian American subgroups, great variability was found in smoking prevalence across groups, but prevalence of dependence was not examined39.
