for both alcohol use disorder and externalizing phenotypes in general on level of alcohol consumption (Kendler et al., 2011). In all the aforementioned studies, at higher levels of peer deviance/substance use there were greater genetic effects. The consistent support in the literature and the stability of the GxE effects across different models and transformations further emphasizes the moderating effects of peer deviance on the genetic influences on adolescent alcohol use as a robust effect.
