Youth sex (p = 0.78) and race/ethnicity (ps = 0.11-0.55) were not associated with use of any substance during the pandemic. Youth whose parents were unmarried (relative risk [RR] = 1.27, p = .02) or had lower educational attainment (p = .03) were more likely to use any substance, as were youth with more externalizing (p < .001) and internalizing (p = .01) problems before the pandemic (Figure 3 ).
