Youth were more likely to report use of any substance when endorsing greater levels of COVID-19–related uncertainty about the future (Figure 3; p < .001). Youth endorsing extreme stress about the uncertainty were 2.37 times more likely to use any substance than youth endorsing very slight stress. Youth were 1.23 times more likely to use any substance when their households had lost income due to COVID-19 (p = .04; p = .06 after FDR adjustment) and 1.39 times more likely when their parent endorsed 1+ indicators of material hardship in the past month (p = .02). Neither youths' frequency of worry about the COVID-19 virus (p = .41) nor family's engagement in social distancing (p = .546) was associated with the use of any substance. Compared with no schooling, neither online schooling (p = .19) nor in-person or hybrid schooling (p = .13) was significantly associated with youth use of any substance. However, there was a significant positive association (p = .03) when schooling was modeled as linear across three levels of school-related contact with peers: not completing any schooling
