Among all participants, childhood physical abuse was reported by35.5% of the sample. Rates and frequency varied by race/ethnicity and gender (Table 3); compared with Whites (women: 34.6%; men: 40.2%), rates of physical abuse were significantly higher among American Indian participants (women: 46.5%; men:51.0%), and lower among Asian-American women (24.8%). In the full sample (race/ethnicity and gender as covariates), more frequent exposure to physical abuse was associated with AUD [OR 1.3, adjusted OR (aOR) 1.2]. Interactions with race/ethnicity ( p: 0.222) and race/ethnicity × gender were non-significant ( p: 0.586). However, there was a significant interaction with gender ( p <0.001), wherein greater associations were observed among males (males OR 1.4, females OR 1.3) (Fig. 2). In the full sample, more frequent exposure to physical abuse was associated with CUD (OR 1.4, aOR 1.2). Interactions with race/ethnicity ( p: 0.218), gender ( p: 0.240) and race/ethnicity × gender were non-significant ( p: 0.568). In the full sample, physical abuse was associated with TUD (OR 1.3, aOR 1.2). Interactions with race/ethnicity ( p: 0.831) and race/ethnicity × gender were non-significant ( p:
