We used data from the 1997 to 2014 National Health Interview Surveys (National Center for Health Statistics, 2015a). The NHIS, conducted in-person on a continuing annual basis through the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), uses a stratified multistage area probability sample design to monitor the health of the US civilian non-institutionalized population. Adult response rates ranged from 80.4% in 1997 to 58.9% in 2014, averaging 68.6% across these survey years (National Center for Health Statistics, 2015b).
