prenatal stress on miRNA expression, dams were administered daily restraint stress and forced swimming from days 12–18 of gestation (Zucchi et al., 2013). This stressor disrupted maternal behavior, as reduced tail chasing behavior was exhibited by dams exposed to stress. In the whole brains of their newborn male offspring, 336 miRNAs were differentially expressed. Notably, some of the same miRNAs were altered by prenatal stress as have been mentioned in the developmental alcohol literature, including miR-9, miR-20a, miR-103, and miR-151.
