Parent-child relationship was measured using the following items: “When you were growing up (0—18 years), how often did your (1) mother, (2) father, show clearly that they liked you, for example, by asking it or giving you a hug or kiss?” These items had a four-point response format, ranging from “not very close at all” to “very close.” A parent-child relationship summation index (ranging from 0 to 6) was created with a higher score indicating a more positive parent-child relationship. When answering these questions, 98.4 and 95.2 % referred to the biological mother and father, respectively.
