a strong anticholinergic cognitive burden scale,40 but might be used to manage neuropsychiatric symptoms due to AD.41 Our results suggest more considerations on levetiracetam and quetiapine shall be given to patients with neuroinflammation-related conditions. However, as levetiracetam and quetiapine are related to risk factors of AD, despite covariate-adjustment, we cannot rule out the potential of confounding by indication. Specifically, levetiracetam exposure in individuals with AUD, HS and TBI indicate the presence of seizure, which reflects a higher severity of the diseases. As higher severity of these diseases could increase the risk of AD,42, 43 the association between levetiracetam and AD could be confounded by the severity of AUD, HS and TBI. Likewise, the association between levetiracetam and AD in patients with epilepsy could also be confounded by the severity of epilepsy. We find quetiapine is associated with an increased risk of AD in both patients with neuroinflammation-related conditions and individuals without neuroinflammation-related conditions. As quetiapine can be used to manage neuropsychiatric symptoms related to AD,44 the association between quetiapine and AD could be confounded by neuropsychiatric symptoms related to prodromal/undiagnosed AD. For ropinirole, the drug can be used to treat Parkinson’s disease, and patients with Parkinson’s disease may have a
