Levetiracetam exposure is associated with an increased risk of AD in in patients with neuroinflammation-related conditions, but is not associated with AD in individuals without neuroinflammation-related conditions (Figure 3D). Levetiracetam could be used to treat seizures related to AUD, epilepsy, HS and/or TBI. In our study, levetiracetam exposure has HR =1.09 (P-value =0.03) in patients with epilepsy. The relationship between levetiracetam and cognitive health remains inconclusive. In a phase-2 randomized clinical trial, levetiracetam is not associated with cognition change in all participants, but improves performance on spatial memory and executive function tasks in patients with AD and epileptiform activity.37 Other studies suggest levetiracetam might adversely affect cognition.38, 39 Quetiapine exposure was associated with an increased risk of AD in most cohorts with higher pooled HR in individuals with neuroinflammation-related conditions compared to without (Figure 3E). Quetiapine is considered to have a strong anticholinergic cognitive burden scale,40 but might be used to manage neuropsychiatric symptoms due to AD.41 Our results suggest more considerations on levetiracetam and quetiapine shall be given to patients with neuroinflammation-related conditions. However, as levetiracetam and quetiapine are
