Mirabegron (a drug for overactive bladder) exposure is associated with a decreased risk of AD in HS and TBI cohorts, and all individuals with neuroinflammation-related conditions (Figure 3B). Mirabegron is not associated with cognitive function in a randomized clinical trial with wet overactive bladder patients.32 However, mirabegron has potential neuroprotective effect,33 especially for patients with stroke.34 Ropinirole (a drug for Parkinson’s disease and restless legs syndrome) exposure is associated with a decreased risk of AD in epilepsy cohort and all individuals with neuroinflammation-related conditions (Figure 3C). Ropinirole has been identified as a candidate repurposable drug for AD,35, 36 while its relationship with epilepsy remains unclear. In our analyses, mirabegron and ropinirole are significantly associated with a reduced risk of AD only in certain neuroinflammation-related cohorts, and all individuals with neuroinflammation-related conditions. Thus, further studies are warranted to validate and/or explain the mechanism of our findings.
