We collated GWAS on externalizing-related traits within MVP that matched those in Externalizing Consortium GWAS (EXT1.0)16 as closely as possible when available. Our outcomes for the GWAS included in the multivariate models came from electronic health records (EHR) and the MVP Baseline Survey. EHR data were converted to phecodes, which are clusters of ICD-9/10-CM codes29,30. We defined a lifetime diagnosis for any given phecode as two or more occurrences of that phecode in their EHR, consistent with prior EHR analyses31,32. We examined all lifetime diagnoses without exclusion for overlap. We used phecodes for Substance addiction and disorders (Phecode 316, DUD), Alcohol-related disorders (Phecode 317, AUD), Tobacco use disorder (Phecode 318, TUD), and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Phecode 313.1, ADHD). Questions for lifetime smoking (SMOK) and binge drinking (BINGE) came from the Baseline Survey. We performed all univariate GWASs using SAIGE33 to adjust for relatedness and included age, gender, and the first 20 genetic principal components as covariates (full details presented in the supplementary information). We filtered input GWAS to MAF > 1% with imputation scores (INFO) ≥ 0.80.
