MVP participants were genotyped on the MVP 1.0 Axiom array26. Genetic similarity of participants was classified using the HARE method27, which harmonizes the closest inferred ancestral population with self-reported race and ethnicity. Genotypic data were imputed to the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) reference panel28. We used data from the N = 467,101 veterans most similar to European reference panels (EUR-like) and the N = 124,717 veterans most similar to African reference panels (AFR-like) groups, as these had adequate statistical power for inclusion in the multivariate GWAS.
