Parent separation or divorce prior to offspring age 18 was coded based on parent reports of marital and cohabitation histories and offspring report of separation from a biological parent for reasons of parental relationship dissolution. In most cases, offspring age at parental separation was defined as the minimum age of separation reported by the biological mother or the offspring. In cases with reported parental separation but no age available from mother or offspring, offspring age at parental separation was coded from father’s report of year of separation (n = 22) or step/adoptive mother’s report of year her husband separated (n = 5).
