Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) is an umbrella term referring to putative mechanisms for coordinating the activity of neural assemblies oscillating at different frequencies, and these mechanisms have been associated with both healthy functioning as well as psychiatric and neurological disorders (Yakubov et al., 2022). Phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) is one such mechanism where the phase at one brain frequency modulates the amplitude at another typically higher frequency (Canolty et al., 2010). PAC is one way by which functional connectivity can be achieved where fast, high amplitude oscillations in one neuronal network are preferentially generated at a phase angle, often at peak or trough, of a slower frequency oscillation from another network (Deshpande et al., 2022; Huber et al., 2021; Marzetti et al., 2019). Early studies investigating PAC found significant relationships between theta phase and high amplitude gamma between different regions of rat hippocampus during exploratory behaviors (Bragin et al., 1995). Subsequent studies further elaborate the role of hippocampal theta-gamma PAC in learning and memory (Axmacher et al., 2010; Canolty et al., 2006; Lega et al., 2016; Wulff et al., 2009). PAC is
