LDL uptake assays for ECs were performed as previously reported (Yamamizu et al., 2013). LDL uptake by cells was assessed by fluorescence microscopy after incubation with 10 μg/mL acetylated LDL labeled with 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindo-carbocyanine perchlorate (DiI-Ac-LDL) (Biomedical Technologies) for 4 hr at 37°C.