Imputation was done by the MVP R4 data team. The entire cohort was prephased using SHAPEIT4 (v4.1.3) (ref. 63), then imputed using Minimac4 (ref. 64) with the African Genome Resources reference panel by the Sanger Institute and the 1000 Genomes Project phase 3 as reference. Single-nucleotide variants with an imputation score <0.8, HWE P value ≤1 × 10−6 or minor allele frequency (MAF) lower than the threshold set in each ancestral group based upon their sample size (EUR, 0.0005; AFR, 0.001; LA, 0.005; EAS, 0.01; and SAS, 0.01) were removed before association analysis.
