substances; and (3) to determine if exposure to these substances would increase the rate of offspring substance use controlling for familial risk. The latter goal was carried out by contrasting exposed and non-exposed offspring within the High-Risk sample. It was hypothesized that mothers from a High-Risk background would be more likely to consume alcohol and cigarettes during pregnancy, and among mothers who continued to drink and/or smoke during pregnancy, women from High-Risk backgrounds would consume greater quantities of these substances. Also, consistent with previous studies, it was expected that prenatal exposures would be associated with increased risk of offspring cigarette use and substance use problems. Finally, it was hypothesized that High-Risk offspring prenatally exposed to cigarettes and/or alcohol would have higher rates of both substance use disorders and childhood smoking than non-exposed High-Risk youth.
