any current or past Axis I psychiatric illness, or first-degree relatives with BD or schizophrenia. BD patients were diagnosed by doctoral level psychologists (ARB, WPH, BFO) using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I; First et al., 2002), clinical observations, and chart review. Clinical state was assessed using the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS: Montgomery and Asberg, 1979) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS: Young et al., 1978). Fifty-three of the 57 patients were receiving psychotropic medication at the time of testing. The types of medication used by BD patients are described in Table 2. The phase of illness was characterized in BD patients by YMRS and MADRS criteria (Berk et al., 2008; Rass et al., 2010). Forty three patients were in a current episode (19 depressed, 10 manic, and 14 mixed) and 14 patients were euthymic. Vocabulary and matrix reasoning subtests of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) were used to estimate intelligence in both groups (Wechsler, 1999). After providing a complete description of the study to all participants, written and verbal informed consents were obtained. The research protocol was approved by the Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Human Subjects Review Committee.
