Fifty-seven patients with type-I BD (mean age = 41.2 ± 10.5 years, male:female = 25:32) and 87 healthy control subjects (mean age = 40.1 ± 10.6 years, male:female = 35:52) were evaluated. Demographic data are presented in Table 1. All participants were between 20 and 58 years of age and had completed grade-school level education. Patients were recruited through physician referrals from clinics affiliated with the Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Control participants were recruited using flyers and advertisements. Exclusion criteria for all participants included serious head injury (with loss of consciousness > 5 min), neurological disorders, a history of alcohol or substance dependence in the previous three months, and intoxication (via urine screen) at the time of testing. For control participants, exclusion criteria also included a history of substance abuse or dependence, a diagnosis of any current or past Axis I psychiatric illness, or first-degree relatives with BD or schizophrenia. BD patients were diagnosed by doctoral level psychologists (ARB, WPH, BFO) using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I; First et al.,
