Specifically, these multiple factors can lead to injuries of neurons as well as glial cells of all types and induce demyelination and axonal damage, depending on dose and duration of exposure [9, 12]. Furthermore, age, sex as well as comorbid neurological and psychological conditions are discussed as potential moderators in this context [7, 13]. Intriguingly, some of these structural damages might be partially reversible with prolonged abstinence ([14], see refs. [7–11, 15] for review).
