are limited given that this field is still young, they present a compelling case for the underlying CNS cause of the many problems faced by these individuals. As technologies become more refined, better methodologies for identifying these individuals will become available. One major challenge is determining means for differential diagnosis of individuals with FASD relative to those with other disorders yet similar symptoms. Similarly, methods are needed to differentiate those effects due to the teratogenic insults of alcohol from those that may be related to genetic or environmental factors. Currently, we often associate the consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure with physical outcomes, such as minor facial anomalies, but with further research hopefully this will change and the diagnosis of prenatal alcohol effects will be thought of more in terms of the neurofunctional consequences of such exposure. While the preclinical research has elucidated many of the mechanisms involved in alcohol's teratogenicity, more work is needed to translate these findings into ways to prevent and intervene in the consequences of the alcohol exposure. Finally, while this issue has been primarily devoted to reviewing the consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure, this work also provides guidance on normal brain-behavioral relationships.
