While the ASPD and ASPD/CD phenotypes were found to be highly significantly comorbid with alcohol dependence in these American Indians it should be noted that the amount of alcohol dependence in this population that is actually attributable to those phenotypes is low. This finding was also highlighted in the studies by Kunitz and colleagues in the Navajo where high rates of CD and alcohol dependence were found but the amount of alcohol dependence that was attributable to CD was low (Kunitz et al., 1999a). This suggests that while ASPD/CD may be highly associated with alcohol dependence and may explain risk for alcohol dependence in a segment of the population other risk factors most likely explain a larger amount of genetic and environmental variance for alcohol dependence in the larger aggregate population.
