PLINK: https://www.cog-genomics.org/plink2. WTCCC2 data set: http://www.wtccc.org.uk/ccc2. SIGMA data set: http://www.type2diabetesgenetics.org. DIAGRAM summary association statistics: http://www.diagram-consortium/org/. UK Biobank data set: https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk. Fast PCA (EIGENSOFT version 6.1.4): http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/alkes-price/software/. EIGENSTRAT (EIGENSOFT version 6.0.1): http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/alkes-price/software/.