Widespread clinical incorporation of genetic risk prediction will also require development of sophisticated infrastructure to perform prediction and deliver interpretable results to patients and health care professionals. Such systems will need to be designed both to provide evidence at the bedside to doctors, and to enable communication of these results to patients in a maximally beneficial way. Furthermore, complete genome sequences will inevitably lead to potentially worrisome incidental findings, such as APOE homozygosity for a high Alzheimer's risk allele. Procedures will need to be put in place to handle such discoveries in a consistent manner which avoids unintended psychological harm. While early reports have not shown drastic behavioural consequences of genetic testing (42–44), a more detailed understanding of the psychological response to genetic risk prediction, and how best to communicate such predictions to patients, is required. In the longer term, clinical trials will be required to learn how effective these applications are at improving outcomes, as well as how much of a cost burden is associated with them.
