We included two independent cohorts to perform follow-up analyses. First, the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) is a multi-site study of families densely affected with AUD and community-ascertained comparison families45–47. Participants completed a poly-diagnostic interview, the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA)48. The final analytic sample consisted of 10,986 COGA participants with genetic data49 (NEUR-like = 7,601; NAFR-like = 3,385). Second, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) is a nationally representative study of participants in the United States recruited as adolescents and followed into adulthood50. Our final analytic sample for Add Health consisted of 6,883 individuals (NEUR-like = 5,122; NAFR-like = 1,761). Full descriptions of each cohort are presented in the supplemental information.
