Historical trauma reflects a collective response to the denial of a culture’s right to exist and the attempt to eradicate cultural identity22 and can be regarded as unresolved grief across generations.23 Duran et al.24 suggested that historical trauma becomes embedded and ‘normalized’ in the cultural memory of a people. A study on the prevalence and correlates of perceived historical loss among AI reported that nearly one-fifth of indigenous parents/caretakers of children aged 10–12 years thought at least daily about loss of land; more than one-third thought at least daily about loss of traditional language and traditional spirituality and more than one-half had such thoughts at least on a weekly basis.22 Moreover, their adolescent children reported that they had similar thoughts at least daily.25
