AI/AN have had a centuries-long legacy of unrelenting traumatic contact with non-Indians resulting in a massive loss of life, land and culture.20 This started well before the wars of genocide that resulted in final defeat and subjugation, forced movement onto reservations and forced removal of children to boarding schools.21 In 1880 Congress passed legislation that outlawed Indian religions, the practices of ‘so-called’ medicine men, ceremonies such as the Sun Dance, and leaving the reservation without permission. These ‘Civilization Regulations’ were in place until 1936.
