In addition to gender differences in adolescents’ drinking patterns (Johnston et al., 2015) and prevalence of conduct problems (Hicks et al., 2007), researchers have suggested that there may be gender differences in physiological, psychological, and social factors influencing alcohol use and related outcomes (Schulte et al., 2009). There are mixed results from prior research on whether parental alcohol dependence/problems and parenting behaviors are associated with alcohol use and externalizing problems differentially in male and female adolescents (e.g., Elkins et al., 2004; Luk et al., 2010; Morgan et al., 2010; Ohannessian et al., 2005). For example, some studies showed that parental closeness (Kelly et al., 2011) and parental support (Choquet et al., 2008) have a stronger effect on alcohol and substance use for adolescent girls than for boys. Other studies found parental monitoring to be more protective in reducing substance use and externalizing behaviors among adolescent boys than girls (Borawski et al., 2003; Tebes et al., 2011). Yet, others found no differences in the relations between parental alcohol problems, parenting, and adolescent outcomes (Shorey et al., 2013). These mixed findings could
