reinforcement-related smoking expectancies. Consistent with this hypothesis, high-AS individuals report greater negative affect reduction from smoking in response to social stress (Evatt and Kassel, 2010; Perkins et al., 2010). It is also worthwhile to note that the remaining direct effects of AS on negative reinforcement smoking expectancies persisted after controlling for negative urgency, suggesting additional mechanisms underpin AS-smoking relations and should be studied in future work.
