Regarding other outcomes, AS was not related to cigarettes per day. Further, there was a relation between AS and proportion of quit attempts in which abstinence could not be maintained for at least one month, which was mediated by negative urgency, but these relations did not survive adjustment for covariates. Regardless, demonstrating relations to negative reinforcement smoking expectancies is of clinical significance irrespective of overlap with other outcomes. Indeed, prior work has shown that smoking cessation failure is predicted by negative reinforcement-related smoking outcome (Wetter et al., 1994) and abstinence expectancies (poster presented by Hendricks, Clark, Lawler, Thorne, and Cropsey at the 2012 Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco annual meeting).
